¡Viva la Libertad (de Expresión), Carajo!

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1910

La libertad de expresión es un derecho humano fundamental, consagrado en el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos. No obstante, hay gobiernos y personas, incluso en posiciones de poder en todo el orbe que amenazan este derecho, desde el Reino Unido, pasando por Estados Unidos y llegando al sur, a la Argentina del Mileinato.

Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad de pensamiento y de expresión, lo que comprende la libertad de buscar, recibir y difundir informaciones e ideas, ya sea oralmente, por escrito, o a través de las nuevas tecnologías de la información, derecho que no puede estar sujeto a censura previa sino a responsabilidades ulteriores expresamente fijadas por la ley.

Ya se cumplieron 44 años desde que la Unesco, reunida en Belgrado (capital de la entonces Yugoslavia) difundiera el llamado Informe McBride, también conocido como «Voces múltiples, un solo mundo», que abogaba por la democratización de la información, tras analizar la desigualdad en la comunicación en el mundo, y sugerir un nuevo orden comunicacional para resolver estos problemas y promover la paz y el desarrollo humano.

El Informe se centró en la defensa y la protección de los periodistas que, por su trabajo, suelen ser molestos para los gobiernos, los políticos y los intereses económicos de éstos, en especial aquellos que trabajan en investigación periodística y los reporteros de guerra.

Pero los medios contestatarios y los periodistas e investigadores saben que nuestros gobiernos jamás leyeron el informe McBride, y los periodistas y la prensa siguen siendo pereguidos. Desde las filtraciones sobre las invasiones de Afganistán e Irak hace ya casi catorce años, Julian Assange, fundador de Wikileaks, ha sido víctima de una campaña continua de desprestigio y difamación.

Fue varias veces detenido en prisiones de máxima seguridad en el Reino Unido y recibió asilo en la embajada de Ecuador de Londres, enclaustrado en dos habitaciones sin poder salir desde junio del 2012 hasta abril de 2019, cuando finalmente volvió a ser detenido al perder su protección consular. Hoy, el mundo está expectante sobre la decisión del Reino Unido de extraditarlo a Estados Unidos, donde seguramente lo espera una sentencia de muerte.

EEUU ha sido el único país del mundo que ha tomado represalias legales contra las informaciones difundidas por WikiLeaks, acusando a su fundador de cometer 18 delitos relacionados con espionaje y crímenes informáticos. Por la presunta comisión de estos delitos pende sobre Assange la amenaza de 175 años de prisión.

En 2022, los diarios The Guardian, The New York Times, Le Monde, El País y Der Spiegel firmaron una carta abierta -«Publicar no es delito»- al gobierno de EEUU pidiéndole que frenara la extradición de Assange.

Posicionarse en contra de la extradición de Assange es defender la libertad de expresión, prensa e información. Porque este caso es un claro intento de criminalizar y amedrentar a los periodistas o medios que osan denunciar los crímenes del poder. No podemos olvidar que en los últimos meses más de sesenta y cinco periodistas fueron asesinados en Gaza a manos de Israel.

Tampoco podemos olvidar que 780 periodistas han pasado por la cárcel en todo el mundo, y que el español Pablo González lleva dos años en prisión preventiva en Polonia, país miembro de la Unión Europea, sin que todavía se haya presentado prueba o acusación en su contra.

La guerra sucia contra México

El presidente mexicano Andrés Manuel López Obrador demandó una disculpa de parte del gobierno estadounidense de Joe Biden, tras la difusión de versiones de prensa sobre una presunta entrega de recursos del narcotráfico a la campaña electoral de 2006 del ahora mandatario mexicano.

La Casa Blanca y el Departamento de Justicia estadounidense aseguraron que no hay ninguna investigación sobre el presidente Andrés Manuel López Obrador, al referirse a una pieza de propaganda y desestabilización política disfrazada de reportaje del diario The New York Times sobre el supuesto financiamiento del narcotráfico a colaboradores del mandatario en su campaña electoral de 2018.

De lo que se trata es de sembrar una noticia falsa, plantar una sospecha, que inmediatamente es amplificada y viralizada por empresas dedicadas a la distorsión de la democracia, como los trollcenters. López Obrador tachó de “pasquín inmundo” a The New York Times por la“denunciar”. “Es una vergüenza, no cabe duda de que este tipo de periodismo está en franca decadencia”, dijo.

Un mes antes se había divulgado otro “reportaje” de factura similar, suscrito por Tim Golden -ganador de dos premios Pulitzer- , en el medio ProPublica, que rápidamente cayó en descrédito por sus falencias de credibilidad y falta de fuentes.

Los trolls del Mileinato

En Argentina, una maquinaria electrónica completa arropa al presidente ultraderechista Javier Milei, a través de la cual se impulsa y ensalza su figura, critica, insulta y defenestra a sus adversarios, y hostiga y amenaza a sus críticos.

Juan Pablo Carreira (Juan Doe en las redes), es el nuevo Director de Comunicación Digital del Mileinato. Es un persoinaje conocido en redes por su agresivo perfil libertario y ultraderechista. El pez por la boca muere: «Si algún día llego a recibir un peso del Estado, que me cuelguen de cabeza en el Congreso», escribía en 2015 en Twitter.

Durante el gobierno anterior, la dirección Nacional de Ciberseguridad, explicó a la ciudadanía que los botnets son una serie o red de dispositivos informáticos capaces de conectarse a Internet que realizan tareas programadas en forma conjunta, no siempre con fines lícitos, es decir, que son maliciosas. Estas se arman sin el conocimiento de que varios dispositivos (computadoras, celulares, tablets, etc) son parte de las mismas, son controlada de manera remota y funcionan de forma autónoma y automática.

Su nombre deviene de “bot”, apócope de robot informático y “net”, red en inglés, y fue utilizado por primera vez en 2001 en el proceso judicial que EarthLink Inc. sostuvo contra Khan C. Smith. Ya en el año 2013 un investigador de la empresa de seguridad corporativa Proofpoint detectó una botnet que incluía televisores inteligentes, heladeras y otros electrodomésticos “smart”, lo que se dio por llamar Internet de las Cosas.

Hoy, esa maquinaria electrónica del Mileinato incluye tuiteros militantes y mercenarios, “influencers”, granjas de trolls y bots, y operadores anónimos que se encargan de las tareas sucias, como poner en marcha campañas de desprestigio, llamar por teléfono o enviar e-mails, desde la impunidad de las sombras, para sugerirle que cierre la boca a quien sea necesario. Asimismo, controla “granjas” con miles de trolls, cuentas bots y otras herramientas digitales que puso al servicio de Milei.

El conservador diario La Nación señala que otro indicio de manipulación digital a través de bots y trolls es que los mensajes de Milei en Twitter, por ejemplo, muestran una disparidad inexplicable en cantidad de “likes” y “retuiteos” que reciben los mensajes que envía con minutos de diferencia, siendo que las interacciones de algunos tuits rondan las decenas de miles y las inmediatas posteriores son casi nulas.

Otro indicio de la presencia de la maquinaria difamatoria y publicitaria es la elevadísima injerencia de cuentas sin fotografías de los usuarios, o con nombres de fantasía seguidos por varios números o que se abocan de manera exclusiva a retuitear e indicar “me gusta”, sin generar contenido propio.

Las cuentas “bot” suelen pasar tres o más meses latentes desde que se activan, en una suerte de letargo o hibernación, antes de comenzar a difundir material multimedia, porque sus creadores detectaron que los algoritmos de las redes sociales –Twitter, en particular– pueden bloquearlas de manera automática, señala La Nación, que se abstiene de exponer ejemplos concretos para evitar la promoción de esas mismas cuentas.

En apenas dos meses, el gobierno del ultraderechista Milei decidió suspender los límites a la concentración de la propiedad de los medios de comunicación a nivel nacional, intervenir el sistema público de medios y prometer su privatización, intervenir la autoridad de aplicación de las leyes que rigen al sector excluyendo a las minorías parlamentarias de las decisiones.

Organizaciones que nuclean a los medios de comunicación comunitarios y autogestivos, carreras de comunicación social y periodismo, trabajadores de prensa y organizaciones de derechos humanos pidieron a la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos que alerte sobre el incumplimiento de los estándares de libertad de expresión en la Argentina, denunciando más concentración de los medios y menos libertad de expresión.

El gobierno anunció la privatización de todos los órganos de comunicación e información del Estado (la agencia Télam, el canal de televisión, la Radio Nacional, entre otros), además del cierre del Instituto Nacional contra la Discriminación, la Xenofobia y el Racismo. El propio Milei impulsó en las redes sociales el festejo por la clausura de un organismo destinado a poner límites a los ataques contra los derechos humanos de las minorías, a los que son tan afectos los libertarios.

En apenas dos meses, el Mileinato decidió también reprimir sin miramientos a los trabajadores de prensa que intentan cubrir las manifestaciones contra el ajuste y el desmantelamiento del Estado.

La convicción de que el Estado no debe poner límites al sector privado está llevando al gobierno a desarmar un sistema de medios organizado en tres sectores: el privado-comercial, el gestionado por la sociedad civil sin fin de lucro y el estatal/público. Un sistema que se construyó luego de décadas en las que solo los dueños de los medios privados tenían condiciones para realizar su actividad, señala el Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales.

Además de lo que ya fue hecho, a través del Decreto de Necesidad y Urgencia (DNU) y los decretos de intervención, el gobierno -y también los grupos políticos neoliberales y de ultraderecha que lo apoyan- amenazan permanentemente con eliminar valiosas políticas promotoras de derechos comuicacionales.Todo esto se complementa con la violencia verbal y física contra trabajadores de prensa, y el persistente ataque del presidente y sus funcionarios a las y los periodistas.

Milei llegó a la presidencia argentina al grito de ¡Viva la libertad, carajo! Hoy me atrevo a hacerle un agregado: ¡Viva la libertad de expresión, carajo!

(*) Periodista y comunicólogo uruguayo. Magíster en Integración. Creador y fundador de Telesur. Preside la Fundación para la Integración Latinoamericana (FILA) y dirige el Centro Latinoamericano de Análisis Estratégico (CLAE)

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