Algunas tecnologías aumentan la productividad, pero otras remodelan no solo nuestra sociedad, sino también nuestra fisiología. Sea cual sea el futuro de la inteligencia artificial, la estrategia socialista debe ser la misma: incrementar el poder del trabajo.

Desde los albores mismos de la humanidad, la repentina aparición de nuevas tecnologías ha tenido profundas consecuencias sociales, aunque no todas inmediatamente evidentes. A medida que cambia nuestra forma de vivir, también cambiamos nosotros. A veces, profundamente.

Por ejemplo, los cerebros de los Homo sapiens de toda la Tierra son más pequeños ahora que hace 300.000 años.

Una de las muchas teorías que compiten por explicar este fenómeno dice que la aparición del lenguaje y la distribución del conocimiento en la sociedad redujeron la complejidad de los problemas que requerían ser resueltos por los individuos.

En esencia, las primeras tecnologías humanas —la cultura y el lenguaje— redujeron masivamente la carga cognitiva de los individuos. En su lugar, se externalizó en historias, tradiciones, religiones y artesanías.

Ahora tenemos cerebros más pequeños que nuestros primeros antepasados, pero sabemos mucho más de lo que ellos podrían haber soñado saber.

Consideremos otro ejemplo: el uso de palos puntiagudos, sobre todo proyectiles, en las primeras sociedades humanas. Este sencillo avance tecnológico ayudó a nuestros antepasados a cazar grandes cuadrúpedos como los mamuts, pero también puede haber desempeñado un papel crucial en el fomento de una sociedad más igualitaria al disminuir el poder de los machos físicamente dominantes.

Para el famoso primatólogo Christopher Boehm, esta repentina redistribución del potencial de violencia explica la disminución de los tipos de agresión reactiva que vemos entre los demás grandes simios.

Los palos puntiagudos reorganizaron el poder entre los humanos: la tecnología fomentó una cultura evolucionada de igualitarismo político que distingue fuertemente a los homínidos del violento chimpancé, nuestro primo más cercano.

Entonces, hace unos doce mil años, las nuevas tecnologías empezaron a desafiar este igualitarismo del «palo puntiagudo».

Los humanos aprovecharon el poder de la evolución y empezaron a criar selectivamente plantas y animales, lo que hizo posible un excedente duradero y contable. La llamada Revolución Neolítica no fue solo alimentaria: trajo consigo nuevas herramientas, relaciones y estructuras sociales.

El excedente generado por la agricultura allanó el camino para el establecimiento de estados agrarios. Fue entonces cuando las sociedades humanas presenciaron por primera vez el surgimiento de jerarquías estructuradas y de las incipientes burocracias del estado, completas con sus adornos de poder y sometimiento.

Las armas que una vez hicieron posible nuestra naturaleza igualitaria eran ahora las herramientas del poder, la explotación y la dominación.

Los primeros horticultores experimentales no intentaban construir una jerarquía a partir de semillas de hierba silvestre. Esa fue una consecuencia involuntaria de una innovación muy útil.

La acumulación de riqueza y poder, y las instituciones estatales que surgieron para defenderlos, también dieron lugar a la civilización y al lenguaje escrito.

Cuando surgió la agricultura, asistimos a un declive de la salud y la esperanza de vida; pero con el tiempo facilitó vidas más largas, ricas y sanas, y una población humana mucho más extendida.

La aparición del capitalismo, sin embargo, marcó un cambio en el ritmo y el patrón del cambio tecnológico. Como sabrá cualquier estudiante de Karl Marx, el capitalismo se caracteriza por revoluciones constantes, y a veces radicales, en las formas en que los seres humanos producen lo que necesitan.

En los modos precapitalistas de organización social, el crecimiento era lento y se caracterizaba por un colapso demográfico periódico. En el capitalismo, la producción por trabajador ha aumentado constantemente y se han superado todos los límites maltusianos.

Durante los últimos cien años, a pesar de los enormes avances tecnológicos, ciertos rasgos centrales del capitalismo han permanecido estables: el poder del Estado, la dependencia de los mercados, la apropiación privada del excedente social, etcétera.

Pero si nos guiamos por el pasado, cada nuevo avance tecnológico puede tener consecuencias que definan una época. La historia de la humanidad es un testimonio del poder transformador de la tecnología.

Los avances del pasado han magnificado las capacidades productivas humanas, pero algunos también han provocado la reestructuración de la vida social y la redistribución del poder.

Al menos desde los luditas, y sistemáticamente desde la década de 1960, las personas de izquierda —y de todo el espectro político, para el caso— se han preocupado por las implicaciones para el mercado laboral de estos incesantes avances tecnológicos.

Esto es lógico. Las nuevas técnicas de producción a menudo han eliminado mano de obra para reducir costes. Por suerte, el aumento de la producción total ha compensado en la mayoría de los casos, permitiendo la creación de nuevos productos y mercados.

Sin embargo, la innovación en la era digital no ha producido, hasta ahora, los enormes aumentos de la productividad total que se preveían. Los ordenadores, la robótica, los algoritmos, las comunicaciones por Internet y, ahora, la inteligencia artificial (IA) basada en grandes modelos lingüísticos se han integrado en el proceso de producción.

Sin embargo, el crecimiento de la productividad per cápita sigue siendo significativamente inferior al del periodo de posguerra, sobre todo en los países que ya estaban a la vanguardia de la tecnología.

La Inteligencia Artificial en la Evolución de la Especie Humana
Sea cual sea el futuro de la inteligencia artificial, la estrategia socialista debe ser la misma: incrementar el poder del trabajo.

Desde la llegada del ChatGPT, la gente empieza a preocuparse de nuevo. Luchando por asimilar las implicaciones de los recientes avances en IA, expertos y políticos han redescubierto accidentalmente la naturaleza de doble filo de los trastornos tecnológicos.

Mientras algunos prevén un futuro distópico en el que prevalecerá la falta de empleo y los beneficios solo beneficiarán a los propietarios del capital, otros imaginan un mundo utópico libre de trabajo.

Como en anteriores rondas de avances tecnológicos, la gente empieza a preguntarse qué empleos se automatizarán y en qué medida.

Nadie puede estar seguro de lo que nos depara el futuro en lo que respecta a tales avances tecnológicos. Lo que tenemos, sin embargo, son unos cuantos cientos de años de historia capitalista, y eso permite extraer algunas lecciones generales.

La automatización del empleo ha tenido como consecuencia típica la absorción de mano de obra en otras industrias. Estos desplazamientos de la mano de obra se han asociado a cambios significativos en la distribución del poder y de la renta en las economías.

La mayoría de las principales innovaciones del siglo pasado tuvieron como resultado el aumento de las prerrogativas de los directivos, y así se pretendía que fuera. El cambio técnico rara vez es neutral con respecto a los efectos que tiene sobre la experiencia subjetiva del trabajo.

El poder de las instituciones, sindicatos y partidos de la clase trabajadora puede influir en los efectos de la automatización sobre los ingresos y el empleo, pero rara vez han determinado la trayectoria del propio cambio tecnológico.

De vez en cuando, sin embargo, un avance tecnológico consigue, de hecho, transformar fundamentalmente los términos en los que operamos, no solo como clase o sociedad, sino como especie.

Al igual que la llegada del lenguaje o la agricultura, el auge de la inteligencia artificial podría muy bien ser uno de esos cambios que definen una época. Pero no es obvio que el efecto sobre el empleo sea el mecanismo a través del cual experimentemos este trastorno.

Mientras escribimos, la guerra potenciada por la inteligencia artificial hace estragos en Gaza y en Europa del Este. Se están desplegando nuevos y aterradores modos de vigilancia por todo el planeta. Y cada vez es más difícil discernir las imágenes y sonidos aumentados o producidos digitalmente de los que se captaron de la vida real.

Estas aplicaciones no comerciales son políticamente significativas y, francamente, dan más miedo que cualquier cambio laboral.

La ciencia y la tecnología están preparadas para avanzar de formas novedosas y podrían muy bien progresar en direcciones muy difíciles de comprender para muchos, incluso para todos. Esto conlleva tanto riesgos como posibilidades.

Por ejemplo, la promesa de un mundo más sano y rico es muy real, pero también lo es la aterradora acumulación de aplicaciones militares destructivas operadas mediante inteligencia artificial.

Como ocurrió desde los albores del movimiento obrero, los socialistas deben hacer política en un panorama tecnológico cambiante. Combatir la automatización, como tal, puede ser una batalla perdida, pero defender la autonomía y el poder de los trabajadores no tiene por qué serlo.

Exigir la distribución del botín de las ganancias de eficiencia es lo mínimo. Pero con respecto a las enormes incógnitas de la inteligencia artificial, no hay un camino obvio.

Lo que sí sabemos es que los trabajadores y la gente corriente deberían tener poder de decisión en su despliegue. En un famoso artículo, Claus Offe y Helmut Wiesenthal escribieron sobre cómo los problemas de la acción colectiva difieren para las élites y los trabajadores corrientes.

Los intereses de las élites son transparentes —toda necesidad es posterior al beneficio— y esto puede lograrse mediante tecnócratas y abogados que cumplan sus órdenes.

Los intereses de la clase trabajadora, sin embargo, nunca son transparentes: siempre implican diálogo y deben ser descubiertos. Algunas personas simplemente necesitan más ingresos; otras pueden centrarse en la seguridad en el lugar de trabajo; algunas tienen necesidades relacionadas con la salud o hijos que requieren un seguro; otras aún preferirían negociar para disponer de más tiempo libre.

El diálogo siempre ha sido necesario no solo para conseguir, sino también para comprender los objetivos de la gente corriente.

El futuro de la inteligencia artificial no es diferente, y requerirá un diálogo continuo para descubrir cuáles son realmente nuestros intereses.

Este proceso será una condición necesaria, si no suficiente, para la gobernanza humana de las nuevas tecnologías. Un futuro digno requerirá que la gran mayoría de la gente tenga voz cuando se trate de la investigación, el desarrollo y el despliegue de la tecnología.

Esto solo es posible con sindicatos más fuertes y partidos socialistas con capacidad para disputar el poder. Hay bastante incertidumbre en torno al ritmo y el contenido de los próximos años de cambio técnico. Debemos asegurarnos de dejar nuestra huella en la mayor medida posible.

Lo que es bueno para unos pocos rara vez lo es para muchos, y menos aun a corto plazo.

A largo plazo, esperemos que —a diferencia de lo que ocurrió con la llegada del lenguaje y la cultura humanas— nuestros cerebros no se encojan en el proceso.

(*) Editor de Verso Books.
(**) Profesor adjunto en el departamento de Sociología de la Universidad de Western Ontario (Estados Unidos).

Traducción: Florencia Oroz

Título e ilustración de Red Digital

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