Ni impunidad ni clases de ética. Una década después de Penta y SQM, el país enfrenta nuevos escándalos que salpican a la Fiscalía, el Poder Judicial y al propio Gobierno. Esta vez no basta con clases de ética: la ciudadanía exige justicia real.
Hace una década, Chile estaba conmocionado por los casos de financiamiento ilegal a la política. El Caso Penta comenzó por la declaración de un martillero, quien dio las primeras pistas sobre cómo el Holding Penta, liderado por Carlos Délano y Carlos Lavín, funcionaba como caja pagadera de la derecha política, atacando al corazón de la UDI. Significó la renuncia de Ernesto Silva como Presidente del partido y su relegación a la Universidad creada por su padre.
Semanas después, se conocería el Caso Soquimich, el cual llegó al corazón del gobierno y sobre todo, del PPD, donde SQM figuraba como militante pagando cuotas. Estos casos serían el iceberg de una práctica naturalizada: empresas financiando la política. No necesitaban ganar elecciones, sino solo ponerle dinero a a aquellos que tenían mayores posibilidades de ganar.
Las élites políticas se activaron para sepultar los nuevos casos, poniendo a Fernando Barraza en la Dirección del Servicio de Impuestos Internos, quien decidió no presentar querellas en contra de más de 200 empresas que tenían las mismas prácticas, pero que resolvieron el problema corrigiendo sus gastos tributarios. El sistema era tan miserable que para las coimas y financiamiento de campañas le pedían boletas a los políticos o sus familiares, así podían deducir impuestos.
Ninguno de los políticos involucrados terminó con penas de prisión efectiva y respecto a quienes más avanzó el caso, terminaron con clases de ética ofrecidas por el exfiscal Manuel Guerra, quien figura como enlace para los casos de corrupción que han conmocionado a la política una década después.
El Caso Hermosilla surgió de una forma similar. Leonarda Villalobos grabó una conversación junto a Luis Hermosilla y Daniel Sauer, para luego revelar una trama de corrupción en el nombramiento de jueces, de fiscales y la existencia de financiamiento irregular por parte de empresas a defensas judiciales como la de Andrés Chadwick.
La corrupción en el Ministerio Público y en el Poder Judicial tenían un gran objetivo: proteger a Sebastián Piñera. Nuevamente partió con un golpe al corazón del piñerismo y de la UDI.Una década después de Penta y SQM, el país enfrenta nuevos escándalos que salpican a la Fiscalía, el Poder Judicial y al propio Gobierno. Esta vez no basta con clases de ética: la ciudadanía exige justicia real.
Pero en paralelo a este caso, se destapaba el primer Caso Fundaciones: Democracia Viva. Militantes de Revolución Democrática utilizaron fondos públicos para financiar a sus redes partidarias en Antofagasta. Luego de esto, comenzarían a caer fundaciones relacionadas en la Región del Biobío (Polizzi y compañía), en Atacama (Fundación Comprometidos), en La Araucanía (Luciano Rivas), en Los Lagos (Ancalao) y el bullado Caso Procultura.
Este último también golpeó al corazón del gobierno, incluyendo al Presidente Gabriel Boric, aun cuando por ahora no se han acreditado delitos. Sin embargo, la quiebra de Procultura y los nuevos antecedentes que han surgido permiten advertir corrupción institucional, quedando pendiente saber dónde está el dinero y a cuáles fueron los usos que se le dieron.
Si bien en los casos de Hermosilla y Fundaciones existen varias personas en prisión preventiva, se está instalando una lógica de intoxicación informativa, que impide distinguir con claridad para la opinión pública quiénes son los verdaderos responsables de delitos. Ensuciar el debate y señalar que “todos son culpables” es una buena herramienta para que al final “nadie” lo sea.
En este contexto, no hay ninguna institución que pueda escapar del escrutinio público. El Ministerio Público ha demostrado ser una institución con altos niveles de corrupción, existiendo como antecedente el caso Penta, pero también la Operación Huracán.
El mismo Fiscal Carlos Palma, ex candidato a Fiscal Nacional y quien estuvo a cargo de las primeras indagaciones en el caso Procultura, hoy enfrenta una causa de remoción por filtrar información a Hermosilla. Lo mismo ocurrió con la PDI, donde el exdirector general, Sergio Muñoz Yáñez, fue condenado a 3 años y un día por filtrar información al mismo Hermosilla.
Hasta el día de hoy el Fiscal Nacional no logra aclarar el contenido de su conversación con Hermosilla luego de ser electo Fiscal Nacional, la cual habría tenido por objetivo “limar asperezas”. Asimismo, el Fiscal Cooper, protagonista en los casos de Fundaciones, ha demostrado ser un Fiscal pirotécnico, solicitando la intervención telefónica del Presidente de la República, pero sin tener ningún formalizado hasta la fecha.
El Ministerio Público es responsable tanto por lo que decide como investigar como por aquello que omite en sus investigaciones.
Para evitar que ocurra lo mismo que en los casos de Penta y SQM es fundamental una ciudadanía alertada y preocupada que en los casos de Hermosilla y Fundaciones, incluyendo Procultura, se haga justicia. Sólo así se podría lograr un verdadero “Caiga quien caiga” y evitar que la historia se repita.
(*) Doctor y Magíster en Ciencia Política, columnista en varios medios.
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